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The structures that make energy in your cells were once free living bacteria in their own right.

Biology Facts, sourced to NCBI Bookshelf.

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Mitochondria have their own circular genome, their own ribosomes and a double membrane, and they divide independently of the cell around them. All of that is what you would expect of a bacterium that was engulfed and never digested. The partnership is now so complete that neither side can live without the other, and it may be the single event that made complex life possible.

The claim comes from NCBI Bookshelf, and the page it comes from was read on 2026-08-27 to confirm it still says this.

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