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Fermat claimed a proof he had no room to write down, and it took three centuries to find.

Mathematics Facts, sourced to MacTutor History of Mathematics.

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The claim is that no whole numbers solve the equation for a power above two, and Fermat wrote in a book margin that he had a marvelous proof the margin was too narrow to hold. Andrew Wiles announced one in 1993, withdrew it when a gap appeared, and completed the repair a year later. The finished argument runs to over a hundred pages of machinery invented long after Fermat died, so whatever he had, it was not this.

The claim comes from MacTutor History of Mathematics.

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